Chicken Speak 3 - The Food of Love - How Poultry Express Emotion Through Food

"If music be the food of love play on,

 Give me excess of it:..."

 Twelfth Night or What You Will
 Act 1, Scene 1

Duke Orsino's reference may fit his mood but I have never found chickens to be particularly swayed by music, particularly my singing. I have however, reasoned over the years that food is the food of love for our birds. Below, Lucky and Co take a postprandial siesta.

For over two decades I’ve been observing the poultry in the garden and noting the marked changes in behaviour and language. This in particular as the flock has expanded and split into smaller sub sets and the garden has transformed into and flourished as a forest. I have always found it fascinating that our birds organised themselves within the 1000m² using the ‘tools’ with which we had sometimes inadvertently provided them. They achieved this using our boundaries, both architectural and planted, to designate territories, achieve extra space, create free movement through leafy corridors and access alternative foraging grounds. Examples of these are; hedges and trees, greenhouses and hen house roofs, rose arches, wilderness areas, pergolas and climbing plants.

To support and provide some ‘academic’ weight to my ideas about what has happened to my birds and how they have changed over the years, I study all the fieldwork and research I can find on the various forms of my poultry’s wild cousins, the Jungle fowl. Most of these studies took place prior to the latter part of the 20^th century when there still existed significant numbers of Jungle fowl, living in remote areas and untouched by by both man’s physical intervention into their domain and the propinquity and thus cross-breeding with domestic poultry.

In this article I want to look at the way in which this return to the wild has impacted upon feeding behaviour and in particular the idea of food as an expression of love and care between parent and young and potential partners, although in the latter this sometimes involves duplicity in the male! To this end, I will include the links I've used from academic research, with which to contrast and compare my own observations. The references can be found in the footnotes at the end of this article for those of you who would like to follow them up.

(Above image:  Red Junglefowl G. g. gallus Top Right)

An interesting and certainly seminal work in the field of the behaviour surrounding foraging and feeding is 'Parental and Courtship Feeding in the Red Jungle Fowl'. This was a study carried out by Allen W. Stokes in the late 60's and published in 1971. It is highly appropriate to contrast and compare this work with my own observations because unlike other earlier studies it was carried out within a zoo, San Diego to be precise but on a 'semi-domesticated' but unconfined population of 222 Red Junglefowl. In the same way my birds, could have left our garden at any time, these Junglefowl chose to remain within the designated 40 hectares and as with my birds, divided themselves into small groups or flocks. Interestingly the population was almost equally divided between male and female but in contrast to my hens, who if left to their own devices will produce two hatches per year, the Red Junglefowl produced only one brood, with peak hatching in April. My hens follow the weather and thus the food availability. This year for example, when the early Spring weather was particularly wet and unseasonably cold, my birds didn't nest and sit until Summer.

Parental Feeding

Similar to my birds, the San Diego Red Junglefowl lived on a wild foraged diet but with the addition of food provided by the keepers. However a noted difference with the wild populations was flock density, as observed by noted field biologists and researchers, Nicholas and Elsie Collias in their comprehensive study carried out in India in 1963,. This in my mind, would have a significant effect on feeding behaviours. In the the zoo, for example the ratio was 555 birds per 100 hectares  whereas in the Collias study in the Siwalik Hills, this was 6 birds per 100 hectares!

So let's have a look at some of the observations from the paper produced by Stokes:-

'The young gallinaceous birds are precocial but they need help from one or both parents to obtain food during their first few weeks. Typically the parent locates food and behaves in such a way that the young will get it. The parent may let the chick take a morsel from its beak, drop the food in front of the chick or use specific calls to alert the chick to the presence of the food. All these behaviour patterns I include under the term parental feeding.'

From my observation of my birds, I would suggest that parental feeding  in captivity and also through selective breeding has changed from the wild, although not in totality. For, example, I've observed several hens who were still calling chicks to feed many months after they needed what Stokes has seen as an initial and transitory behaviour. I've even had a specific hen, 'Dorothy (see below left), a Wyandotte cross and I might add one that was particularly fond of food prior to being a mother, who was still calling her 'chicks' at a year old. She did this whenever she quite obviously recognised them as hers as she came upon them in the garden. 

Interestingly enough one of her chicks a Sicilian Buttercup cockerel known as 'Rex' (also in the image left), became one of our most caring males ever. Feisty, dominant and regal by nature, in line with his 'crown' comb. he sometimes needed to be separated from the rest of the flock at mealtimes but he was putty in the hands of small chicks, who would squeeze through the mesh of his feeding area to be with him, whereupon he would let them eat all his food without a murmur.

In the wild, particularly in a jungle environment, where food would be abundant, it would be easy for a chick to forage/hunt and be successful but in a garden, albeit a forest garden wherein it is still often possible to forage in peace, there is always the potential for a prize invertebrate to be snatched. Particularly whilst a chick is breaking it into  bite-size pieces. To this end I have found mother hens remove a large worm or earwig from a small chick and break it up and no one in their right mind takes food from a mother hen. I've also seen a mother, when the invertebrate has been provided by her or through her, me; again break up the prey and divide it between her chicks.

I am also of the belief, that in feeding by mouth, the hen provides essential dietary enzymes and bacteria to the chick.  I believe the study of gut flora and its relationship to both physical and mental health being comparatively recent, this is something that may not have been considered by these authors. 

Similarly, I have observed joint parental feeding of chicks in my flocks, though rarely by mouth from the male and as the forest has developed the frequency of co-parenting by both male and female behaviour has too, including males helping chicks to roost and keeping them warm at night.

Stokes was very precise in his assessment of how the Redjungle fowl brooded their chicks, he gave exact timelines and detailed stages to parental behaviour:-

'During their first few days after hatching jungle fowl chicks remained within a meter of the hen. When foraging the hen was ever on the move. She shifted the litter with a side- ways sweep of her beak and scratched with her feet. When she found a suitable piece of food during these first days she picked it up, held it above or in front of the chick, and waited until it took the morsel from her beak. In good foraging areas she found food every few seconds. This movement of the beak near the chicks attracted their attention, and they soon became alert to her motions. At this stage the chicks were so close to the hen she needed to move only her head to give them the food. In a week the chicks started to forage farther from the hen. Then when she located food she sometimes carried the morsel a few steps to the chick and let it take the food from her beak or dropped it in front of the chick..........At 8 to 10 weeks the chicks became fairly independent of the hen and vice versa; when given a worm the hen at this stage merely ate it, without calls or head movements.'

I've never observed any of my hens or cockerels presenting the exact same parenting behaviour timelines as he observed in the Red Junglefowl but then my poultry are from diverse roots, being bantams and standard birds from various heritage breeds and their crosses. For example, with my Sebright bonded pair, 'Dorabella' and 'Orlando' with their chick 'Mouse', the former followed a pattern of motherhood, which is often cited as classic to this breed, with Dorabella abandoning Mouse at four weeks old. On the day this happened the clever chick flew up and climbed high into a tree, shouting in a loud voice until I arrived whereupon, we mutually decided that I was now to be 'Mummy'. However, although Dorabella turned out to be lacking in long-haul maternalism, she made the most exquisite nest of any hen I have ever bred before or since. Not only was it beautifully and intricately woven into a ring doughnut shape but the design was not purely aesthetic. After laying each egg she made a hole in the wall of the 'doughnut' and buried the egg within. This meant not only that the eggs remained hidden and secure but each time she produced another egg the clutch would not be potentially affected by her body heat. Therefore and as expected, from the little we know of its origins, the Sebright proves a complex bird, including such in  'wild' behaviours as nest building and monogamy.

The other interesting aspect of parental feeding I've observed with my birds, is that the association of feeding and loving within their natures is so strong that it doesn't matter whose chick(s) you present to a broody or mother hen. They will nurture that baby as if it was there own. Pearl here even adopted a higher vocal range, almost a duck-like quack, when calling them to feed!

Courtship Feeding

'In many galliforms (Stokes & Williams, MS) the male may perform somewhat similar feeding behaviour toward the hen as part of his courtship. This is commonly called “tidbitting” (Domm, 1927) from the fact that the cock often displays with choice morsels.'

I would add that the lazy male will also unscrupulously exhibit the same behaviour with a stick, leaf or piece debris in my experience, particularly the juvenile male. Furthermore, this tidbitting behaviour is often accompanied by a circular 'Paso Doble' movement with the wing, which puts me in mind of the the perhaps now defunct human courtship behaviour of taking a woman out to a 'dinner and dance'.  Experienced hens however are very much up on this behaviour and it is only the shy and trusting giddy young hens who fall for it! 

Above: Close encounters of a dangerous kind, wherein our rehomed Silkie, Scott discovers that tidbitting a broody and showing her your dance steps isn't a very healthy idea. Note Chickles's fanned tail, raised crest and angry stance, a classic broody hen body language that we refer to here as 'lyre bird'. 

Here's Bubble (left) giving us the full-blown version.

 

I would suggest based on observation that there exists a very strong dominance element involved in the meaning of the dance step in tidbitting. I've witnessed this many times, when the dance is involved with food calling or as a stand-alone behaviour involving young males trying to express dominance over each other and also with hens who are super-dominant and exhibit crowing. These all involve the lowered wing 'Paso Doble' movement which encircles and seems to 'gather-in' the targeted bird. Similarly this 'rounding up' of an individual bird or several birds is often exhibited in the evening by a dominant bird to get the flock to go to roost. So under the heading of 'tidbitting' and in particular with  'dancing' there seems to be a more complex message of courtship and dominance or  purely courtship or purely dominance and this is where, I believe only a bird and moreover one of the flock is aware of what is actually being communicated. Just as human groups and families have language that is unique to themselves, involving shared experiences and references, such as from common incidents, meetings, sayings, books and films, which would be uncomprehensible to those outside the circle. To my mind all we humans can ever really do is attempt to understand the meanings but allow that nuances exist. This is something I will explore further in the next episode of 'Chicken Speak'.

The screenshot above shows a small group of 5 hens, a dominant Cochin and two younger males (top right). Initiated  by the White cockerel, the two males have been sparring throughout my observation of them, the White cokerel has been rebuffed both by the Black and Gold and by the Cochin until finally and as if to end the duel, the Gold and Black cockerel dances fully around the White cockerel with the 'Paso Doble' 'lowered wing' movement I described earlier. I'm postulating that this is a linguistic signal to the whole group but not necessarily carrying the same message. To the Cochin, I'll suggest it warns of a power struggle to come, to the hens, it offers a 'showing-off' exhibition of a potential mate and to each other, the males jostle for position within the group. Interestingly it also takes place around group feeding where I have just put down some pruned rose branches for them to eat.  You will see this sequence much more clearly included in the film below.

All the above involve dynamic elements in their execution, including ritualistic movements and vocals, so here's the film version for you to experience these wonderful 'chicken linguistics in action:

Thanks for dropping by and do feel free to share experiences or ask for further information in the comment section. If you have enjoyed this piece and found it useful think about sharing it with your family and friends, on social media and also maybe about joining this blog and/or subscribing to my Youtube, Odysee  or BitChute Channel or even supporting us on Patreon or

It all helps to keep me going!

Until next time, all the very best from sunny Normandie! 

Sue

A couple of useful references: 

Stokes A.W.,  1972  Parental and Courtship Feeding in Red Jungle Fowl,  The Auk, 88: 21-29 

Collias, N. E., &  E. C. Collias. 1967  A Field Study of the Red Jungle Fowl in North-Central India,  The Condor, 69, 4 

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© 2022 Sue Cross

Thoughts on Domesticated Chickens and the Green Junglefowl. Putting Bungle Back on the Beach

The following article falls into two of my on-going categories/series so could also be entitled:  'Putting the Jungle Back in the Fowl Part 4' and 'If I could Talk to the (Animals) Birds Part 3'.

Gallus gallus domesticus, the backyard chicken we know and love, is thought to have been first domesticated from the wild Junglefowl of Southeast Asia some 10,000 years ago. This is postulated from remains of domesticated fowl found in 16 separate Neolithic sites along the Huang He or Yellow River, in Northeastern China and the Indus River in the area now known as Pakistan and Northwest India.

There are however, four species of genus Gallus which inhabit Southeast Asia: 

Red Junglefowl G. g. gallus Top Right

Lafayette's Junglefowl, G. lafayettei Centre

Grey Junglefowl G. sonnerati Bottom

and

Green Junglefowl G. varius Top Left

In 1868 Darwin published The variation of animals and plants under domestication in which he hypothesised a single-species origin, based on his observation that only the Red Junglefowl could produce fertile first generation (F1) hybrid offspring when crossed with domestic chickens. The debate on our chickens' origins has been raging ever since.

Red, Green, Grey and Lafayette

In the 20th Century experiments were made to refute this single-origin hypothesis by crossing and back-crossing different Junglefowl species. The results showed a complete hybrid fertility between Red and Grey Junglefowls and that, although first generation hybrids of Red and Green Junglefowl had reduced fertility in the females, second generation (F2) hybrids could be created by back-crossing with Red Junglefowl. Furthermore, fieldwork research carried out in the vicinity of villages with domesticated chickens found evidence that the latter had hybridised with the native Grey Junglefowl. This experimental work and observation led to the belief that all four Junglefowl species could have contributed to the origin of the domesticated chicken. Nevertheless, the Red Junglefowl and the domestic chicken were, in fact, found to be closely related albeit that there was evidence that the other species and in particular, the Green Junglefowl had a genetic contribution to their domestic cousins' creation. Additionally, with the advance in genome sequencing and the modern methods of genetic analysis, it was postulated that the Neolithic evidence for the divergence of the wild and domesticated species at 10,000 years could be more than six times underestimated.

Red, Green, Black and Gold

In the spirit of 'scientific' observation or rather adventure, we set out yesterday with our Black-laced Gold Polish Hen Bungle. Polands are referenced by Darwin  as having more than a nodding acquaintance with their wild cousins. Our avowed goal, other than a day on the beach collecting oyster shells, to find out if we could determine any nascent links with the Green Junglefowl.

Interestingly, the Red Junglefowl cited by Darwin as the origin of the domestic chicken was not G. g. gallus but the subspecies G. g. bankiva from Java. This incidentally, along with the surrounding isles, is the home of the Green Junglefowl. 

Why The Green Junglefowl?

The Green Junglefowl has some very specific differences in behaviour, diet and foraging habits to its other wild cousins and some of these traits I have already observed in my Normandie 'Junglefowl'. Beebe, who studied and published a monograph on wild pheasants in 1918 wrote also of the Green Junglefowl he encountered during his reasearch:

'Still more remarkable in habit were the Green Junglefowl on the sea-shore in Java, feeding on shrimp and marine worms from the small coral pools left by the tide.'

If you've ever fed your hens any type of fish or seafood, as I did yesterday to my neighbours' hens who we are looking after pro tem, then you'll know how inordinately fond they are of this delicacy. Witness the Dublin Bay Prawn feeding frenzy below!

Green Junglefowl live mainly along the coast, both shoreline and cliffs of Java, its surrounding isles and islets. They have greater flying ability than the other Junglefowl, including over stretches of open water to reach the various isles of the region. They forage in mangrove swamps, rice paddies, along estuaries and even within the region's deep subterranean caves.

Green Junglefowl have strong family bonds, not only monogamy  but also extended relationships between both parents and successive generations of chicks. As with flying, this is something I've witnessed in our own garden.

Similar to my own birds, Green Junglefowl will use trees and bushes as walkways and are adept at climbing along branches.

Open Environment v Forest Garden

Apart from Bungle's suitability as outlined above, she is also one of our few birds who will adapt to an open environment. Our other chickens are too entrenched in the Forest garden atmosphere to feel happy even in a meadow. We have carried out several trials to see if we could take our birds foraging in the neighbour's field but only Bungle appears at ease and happy in this environment.

Even so I don't believe we fully appreciated the effect of the complete change in sounds and terrain that the beach at Agon-Coutainville and in particular on the windswept wild beauty that is the Pointe d'Agon peninsular.

Body Rather than Vocal Language

The first thing I noticed was that unlike her usual chatty self Bungle mostly revealed her thoughts through body language on the beach. She is a very independent and dominant bird in her home milieu, here out on the open shore she was much more uncertain, her body language showing caution in the lower than usual tail position and the lowering of her head and back. However her gait was rather like a prancing horse, as if she was determined not to show fear and certainly not of the skylarks, which were the most vocal of the birds on the dunes.

Bungle also acted very like a young child, interested in the new environment, wanting to explore and yet she kept looking back at us. She seemed to be 'tacking' up the beach as much it seemed because of being slightly unsure as due to the wind speed. Once up in the dunes however, she found herself in a less foreign foraging environment, at least it was green!

As expected though, with all that wonderful powdery sand, her first idea was for a dust bath. After this she seemed determined to head for the dunes. I did try to get her interested in doing some Green Junglefowl foraging but I am afraid she found the sand fleas (beach hoppers) too fiddly to be bothered with although once we were up in the dune she did peck at the snails and small arthropods.




She also had a good try at tearing off pieces of seashore vegetation but it was both tough and I guess, as she bit some off and left it, salty!

In the end she did what any other tourist does at the seaside, lay down on the sand, (incidentally using me as a windbreak) and had a lovely sunbath.

Next time we will take her somewhere with rock pools and see what she makes of them. When we had a pond in the garden the poultry did enjoy digging around in the shallows, mainly for mosquito larvae!

Needless to say however, when we returned home she was very happy to tuck into some locally caught grey shrimp heads!

On the following day, however and inspired by the words of Beebe, I decided to make a faux rockpool out of a reclaimed washing machine door! I sprinkled it with lettuce and added some local caught grey shrimp and waited to see if Bungle and her chums would try to catch them!

Here's the film of the whole adventure:

Thank you to all of you who by buying me a coffee - http://ko-fi.com/pavlovafowl have already enabled me to purchase extra memory for my computer. I am now also well on the way to my next goal of a microphone for the camera. All this has made my research, writing, filming and editing so much easier and is enabling me to increase my output!

All the very best from Normandie and please feel free to share, comment or ask questions about this article.

Sue
© 2019 Sue Cross

Additional Images & Links

Thanks to the Pinterest boards of:
Malcolm Garrett -  Junglefowl Painting
Indiana.edu - Illustration from Darwin's The variation of animals and plants under domestication

Beebe, W. 1918-1922. A monograph of pheasants (4 vols). London, H.F. Witherby & Co (This study was also considered by many later academics in the same field to be a seminal work on the Jungle Fowl). It was later issued in abridged form with the title: Pheasants, their lives and homes, in 1926

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