Forest garden dynamics 3 - dominance, omnipotence, single sex flocks, learned helplessness

My crowing hen, Chocolatine has been biding her time in her takeover bid for her hen house. It was instigated sadly, by the death of one of my elderly (in chicken terms) Polish cockerel brothers last year.

Dominance in Single Sex Groups - Power Vacuums

As with our other hen houses, in Chocolatine's coop, instead of a dominant male there had been dominant brothers. Now with only the one dominant cockerel, the hens seemed slightly perturbed, as if there existed a vacuum of sorts. It was further complicated by the fact that this house had these two dominant hens, half Polish/Ardenner sisters, who had ruled quite benignly in tandem with Stanislas and Rufus. The hens occasionally bickered amongst themselves but were close enough to share a nest box! Both now made a bid for power.

The above were however, not the only contenders, since Rufus had gone, several of the hens started little skirmishes between each other. I believe this is what incited Chocolatine to exhibit dominant male behaviour  in the lowered-wing 'encircling dance', as I call it. You will see this happen twice with two different hens in the film below. I took my cue from Stanisilas, in that he took 'plenty of no notice' and carried on eating his breakfast.  Real hen fights can be quite devastatingly violent, there is no ritual or theatre about them, they are so extreme that whenever I see one and if a cockerel doesn't intervene quickly then I do. I instantly separate the hens and warn them off each other.  A cockerel would do this ritualistically, by jumping over the heads of both hens, it's a shot across the bows and usually calms things down. This is different to the way a dominant male will stop other males fighting, when he physically breaks it up with his whole body. The hen fights, as filmed, were ritualistic, which made me realise why Stanislas wasn't bothered. It also made me aware that several of the hens were now adopting ritual male dominant behaviour, possibly because they too were looking to become super dominant.

'Super dominance' - Omnipotence

Super dominance is something I call a hen or cockerel when they take over the role of both dominant hen and dominant cockerel. I've experienced this on several occasions. Firstly when I started with poultry here and my flock comprised just three hens. This time too my dominant hen began to crow. It happened again on another occasion when I removed my tiny silver Sebright from the main flock in the garden, where she was constantly picking fights. At the front of the house, with only a couple of hens for company, she became so super dominant she was actually attacking neighbouring cats.

A similar situation arose with Bungle, our gold Polish hen, she too like Sneezy is a loner and although living in the forest garden has spent some time at the front of the house and has taken up a dominant position. She also began to crow at this point. Now she is once again back in the forest garden, she can still be quite aggressive over food and territory. She exhibits dominant behaviour within the outbuilding where she sleeps. This 'flock' is a purely female group, which includes broody hens, mothers and chicks which are particularly hard to dominate. Furthermore, broody hens and mothers with chicks can become extremely dominant themselves, mainly, I think, because they are revered by the flock, who have a great sense of continuance. Bungle, at the moment is being courted by a young Polish cockerel, Ringo Bingo. My strategy in this case is to observe them, particularly at feeding time in the morning (food and courtship often go together) and make sure she isn't being picked on and stressed by this jaunty suitor.

Learned helplessness

This is the antithesis of the super dominant hen or cockerel. The victim actually makes the situation worse, through no fault of her/his own but because the weight of stress becomes so much that she/he begins to exhibit a servile manner. The bird seems  constantly in retreat even when not threatened and is afraid even to eat, speak or preen along with the rest of the flock. For every super dominant bird there is at least one victim and it becomes worse in a small group, where there is no other allegiances to be made. As I related above, my first two hens, Ardenner sisters, systematically dominated the third hen I was given when I started my flock. They pushed her off the perch, tried to stop her eating oyster shell and even chased her from the nest boxes. She in turn began to exhibit learned helplessness, even though, as you can see, she was much larger than the Ardenners and could actually have stood her ground. I shielded her from as much stress as possible by organising and rearranging the nest boxes, roost/perch and oyster shell. Her actual status got better but didn't totally improve despite the fact that the flock expanded with more hens and even with the addition of two cockerels. It was only, however, when she became broody and hatched some eggs  that she finally achieved full status in the flock

Conclusions and Solutions

I have seen male single sex flocks at my neighbours and they are not ideal. These are 'industrial' battery chicks sold to 'grow on', so it may be that the weight of stress they have suffered as chicks has had something to do with this. They exhibit a fragmented group at best and there is always a deal of bullying that occurs. We usually get to see the denoument of that in the Summer as they achieve 'teenage' and thus start to crow. This because we are looking after them whilst our neighbour's are awayon holiday and we usually end up having to separate the super dominant males.


With single sex female flocks, I know some people sail through with no problems and it probably depends on the space they are kept in and also the cohesion of the group and the expectation of the individuals. As older or stressed birds have been deposed, the effect upon them can be painful to see and my idea would always be to give them some time out and see if they can make a comeback. After all if a system has worked for years why change it and especially if the problem is only a temporary one. Old age in itself is not really a concern, Stanislas for example was in his eighth year. With a single sex group of hens, the dominant bird will have a wide range of skills and strategies garnered over time. There is also the possibility with several coops and small flocks that an individual who feels pressured may change groups and find harmony. I have several hens and cockerels who have changed hen houses, one just today in fact!

In my experience a flock in a forest garden can create its own group dynamic and often a lot better than I could envisage. I'm certain it is because they actually understand what they are doing and the process seems to my eyes so fluid and amorphous that maybe it is only through a collective group memory of how they once lived, that it can be achieved.

It is only when things get out of hand, with individuals being threatened with aggression or stress that I ever take it upon myself to intervene and the best way I have found to do this, is by removal of the individual and the bolstering up of the victim(s). Happily though as time has gone on, the forest garden itself, like Egdon Heath has taken on a personality of its own and imbued the flock with equilibrium and hopeful harmony.

and now if you would like to, sit back and watch the film:

It you have enjoyed this film and blog and found it interesting then please think about subscribing, sharing it and/or commenting. Please also feel free to ask questions.

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All the very best for Christmas, have a happy and peaceful holiday and hope to see you in the New Year.

Sue xxx
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©  Sue Cross 2015

Forest garden dynamics 1 - Crowing hens and why we may be keeping chickens incorrectly

'A whistling woman, crowing hen are neither fit for God nor men' Old Scottish proverb

'Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely ' Lord Acton (1834–1902)

 

Well much to my chagrin I've never been able to whistle but just recently I've acquired a hen who can crow beautifully! Maybe acquired is not quite the correct verb to use, she's been with us for many a year, Chocolatine, a Polish cross who has already featured as the main player in my film 'Why do hens go broody?' (film still below)  I'll post it at the end of this piece just to show you what she looks like on a reasonably normal day. 

I thought it would be a good starting point from which to discuss group dynamics and the issues which may arise when keeping several flocks of birds within a forest garden environment. It may also be useful to people with single sex flocks who may be experiencing difficulties with  super-dominant/omnipotent birds. I shall also look at the strategies I have used when confronted with various issues, such as bullying and learned helplessness. I'm taking actual examples of specific hens and cockerels in my flocks, so I'm going to split this article into three parts, otherwise it would become unwieldy and unreadable!

The Backstory

Firstly however, I must just state that, from my observation, the nature of flock dynamics is so complex and fluid that I don't think a mere human brain could ever totally get to grips with it. Many thousands of years ago, man took an essentially wild male bird from its roost in the trees, in order to carry out a form of 'sport' known as cock fighting. Even that was subject to human modification, for if you've ever seen two male birds fight, it is, a subtle blend of ritual, theatre, mesmerism and often courtship, in most cases with no physical contact.  Over time the female was also taken to provide eggs for food and placed in an environment, housed and fed to suit the keeper rather than the kept. Fast forward to  World War One and the glimmerings of industrial agriculture, where draconian dictates housed poultry in ever diminishing space and stripped them of so much of their natural behaviours that I'm amazed they retain even a vestige of their ancestry. It is a testament to these birds' physical and mental strength that you can put a battery hen out in a field and watch her peel back that year of servitude the minute she scratches the earth.

The Crested Polish was originally brought to Britain by the Romans. A champion forager, great layer, independent character, who could survive the coldest of Winters. It was amongst the first of so many of what are now called rare or heritage breeds to be side-lined almost to extinction in the 1950s. This, in favour of the fair-weather, docile Italian Leghorn who could lay like a machine and seemingly manage to just exist in the confines of the caged battery system. Spike above, is a golden, crested and bearded, black-laced, frizzled Polish, the frizzled gene also seems to impact on the personality of the bird. In most of our chicken coops the frizzled birds, male and female, are dominant.

I remember my father saying to me and on so many occasions, that farming was a totally unnatural business but I have in my own and very small way tried to bring something of the jungle back to my birds. However, as Gertrude Jekyll wrote with reference to wilderness gardening, it is so much harder to create a natural environment than a formal one. This problem lies at the very heart of how birds actually live and what we as humans really understand by that. We've so much bent poultry to our own will and needs and I am sure, funded research to support the premiss, that I'm convinced that what we really need to do is to throw everything out and start again.

Over the years of observing my poultry I've come to the conclusion that large flocks of single sex birds usually hens living with one cockerel is not the way to go. My poultry live in a group yes, but they live in small groups and within those they can quite happily exist in couples, as friends and family units.

I now want to show you what Chocolatine looks like normally or rather, when broody and quite vocal. Broodiness and subsequent motherhood seems to me, crucial to a hen as a stepping off point towards being dominant within her individual flock. As you will see at the end of this series, with Chocolatine, this process went much further. Her main problem however was with timing, for if you want to be dominant you have to look the part, unfortunately Chocolatine was well into a heavy moult by the time her chance came. She's looking a lot better today, less ragged around the edges but still keeping a low profile! I also perhaps thought that you might not believe it was the same hen when you saw her later at the end of the series.

Now if you'd like to sit back and watch the film, where I will try to answer the question - why do hens go broody?

Part Two, Family groups, monogamy, friendships, power struggles and gangs can be found through this live link here

Thanks for dropping by and if you have enjoyed this piece and found it useful think about sharing it and also may be about joining this blog. Please also feel free to ask questions or make comments in the section below.

All the very best,
Sue


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©  Sue Cross 2015